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合羊雍石
5 years ago
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1 Thyroid Disease Pathology Department, Zhejiang University School of Medicine,

2 cartilage thyroidea thyroid

3 simple cuboidal epithelium colloid Normal thyroid seen microscopically consists of follicles lined by a an epithelium and filled with colloid.

4 This immunoperoxidase stain with antibody to calcitonin( 降血钙素 ) identifies the "C" cells

5 immunofluorescence test positive for antimicrosomal antibody( 抗微粒体抗体 )

6 immunofluorescence positivity for antithyroglobulin( 甲状腺球蛋白 )antibody

7 Thyroiditis Goiter Thyroid tumor

8 Thyroiditis

9 Type Acute, bacterial infection Subacute, viral infection Chronic,(chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis;clt), autoimmune disease

10 Subacute thyroiditis: viral infection Granulomatous inflammation, granulomatous thyroiditis/giant cell thyroiditis year old female fever, thyromegaly, tenderness, Gross : gray, firm, adhesions, necrosis

11 foreign-body giant cell reaction

12 Chronic thyroiditis: Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis;clt Fibrous thyroiditis

13 Chronic thyroiditis: Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (Hashimoto s thyroiditis 桥本病 ): autoimmune disease,antibody(+), Gross: thyromegaly, nodosity, grayish-white, hypofunction, Histologic: thyroid follice atrophy, destroy, lymphocyte, plasmocyte, fibroplasia

14 Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis

15 thyroid follice atrophy,destroy,lymphocyte, eosinophils, plasmocyte, fibroplasia

17 Fibrous thyroiditis (Riedel goiter, chronic woody thyroiditis 慢性木样甲状腺炎 ): rare, hoarse voice, dysphagia, dyspneic respiration, wood-like thyroid follice atrophy, fibroplasia, hyalinosis,

18 Fibrous thyroiditis

19 Fibroplasia, hyalinos, lymphocyte

20 Goiter

21 Conception: Goiter is a group of diseases of thyroid hyperplasia, enlargement due to iodine deficiency or other factors. According to hyperthyroidism or not, goiter can be divided into nontoxic goiter and toxic goiter.

22 Diffuse nontoxic goiter

23 Conception Etiology Pathogenesis Pathological feature Clinico- pathological relationship

24 Conception

25 Conception Nontoxic goiter due to iodine deficiency to reduce thyroid hormone secretion, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) hypersecretion, follicular epithelial hyperplasia, follicular goiter glial accumulation. No hyperthyroidism, so also called simple goiter.

26 Type nontoxic goiter local distributed

27 The thyroid gland has a bi-lobe connected by a narrow isthmus.

28 Etiology

29 1. Iodine -deficiency 2.Causative agent(ca 2+, fluorine,diet, medicine, etc.) 3. Hyper-iodine 4. Heredity and immunization

30 Pathogenesis

32 Pathological feature

33 Stage of hyperplasia Diffuse hyperplastic goiter

34 Enlargement of thyroid

35 follicular hyperplasia

36 Stage of stored colloid Diffuse colloid goiter

37 Enlargement of thyroid

38 Follicle expansion, colloidal storage

39 Stage of nodule Nodular goiter

40 The red arrow points to an area of scarring. The blue arrow points to a large and the yellow to a small follicle

41 The follicular cells have round to oval nuclei with small visible nucleoli. The follicle cell cytoplasm is scant.

42 formation of nodus

43 Enlarged thyroid with more enlargement on left. Left lobe also shows multiple nodules

44 Cut surface of one lobe of thyroid gland showing ill defined nodules. Focus of cystic degeneration seen (blue arrow). Some hemorrhage (red arrow) and some scarring.

45 This diffusely enlarged thyroid gland is somewhat nodular. This patient was euthyroid

46 Clinio-pathological relationship

47 1 Thyromegaly 2 Compressional symptom 3 No thyroid hyperfunction

48 Diffuse toxic goiter

49 Function of thyroid hormones 1 To promote the metabolism 2 To elevate the nerval irritability 3 To promote the growth and development

50 Conception

51 Hyperthyroidism: Graves' disease Basedow ' disease ( 突眼性甲状腺肿 ) Excessive thyroxine in blood organs, tissues clinical syndrome Female: male=1:4-6,20-40

52 Etiology and Pathogenesis

53 1. Autoimmune disease 2. Antibody (+) 3. Heredity 4. Mental injury

54 Pathological feature

55 Diffusely enlarged red tan thyroid gland. Slight lobulation but no large cyst formed.

56 Microscopically 1. follicular epithelial proliferation--- stylolitic, mammillation 2. colloid substance rarefaction, uptake vacuole forming, 3. Mesenchymal vascular proliferation, congestion, lymphocyte infiltration, even folliculus lymphaticus emerging

57 A diffusely enlarged thyroid gland associated with hyperthyroidism is known as Grave's disease. At low power here, note the prominent infoldings of the hyperplastic epithelium.

58 At high power, the tall columnar thyroid epithelium with Grave's disease lines the hyperplastic infoldings into the colloid.

59 lymphocyte infiltration

60 uptake vacuole forming

61 Clinico-pathological relationship

62 1 T3.T4 分泌过多综合症 : 怕热多汗, 多食善饥消瘦, 疲乏无力, 神经过敏, 脉搏加快, 脉压差增大. 2 甲状腺肿 : 双侧对称性弥漫性肿大, 随吞咽上下移动, 左右叶上下极有震颤伴血管杂音. 3 眼征 : 良性突眼征, 恶性突眼征. 原因 : 眼球外肌水肿球后结缔组织增生淋巴细胞浸润粘液水肿其他器官增大 : 脾脏胸腺心脏等

63 Exorbitism Thyromegaly

64 Thyroid adenoma

65 Conception Thyroid adenoma is a common benign tumor in the thyroid caused by thyroid follicular epithelium. young and middle-aged female common involved, slow- growthing, no overt symptom, 1% hyperthyroidism.

66 Pathological feature

67 Gross : single, round or oval, millimeters to 3-5cm, firmly, smooth and glossy of the surface, perfect membrane, cystis degeneration, fibrosis, calcification in the tumor centre

68 Here is a surgical excision of a small mass from the thyroid gland that has been cut in half. The mass is well-circumscribed. Grossly it felt firm. This is a follicular adenoma.

69 Here is another follicular neoplasm (a follicular adenoma histologically) that is surrounded by a thin white capsule. It is sometimes difficult to tell a well-differentiated follicular carcinoma from a follicular adenoma.

70 normal tissue neoplasm

71 Type Follicle adenoma Simple adenoma Colloid adenoma Fetal adenoma Embryonal adenoma Eosinophilic adenoma Untypical adenoma

72 Simple adenoma The red arrow is located within the adenoma. Although composed of follicular cells, little colloid is seen. The blue arrow points to the capsule of the adenoma, a few strands of connective tissue. The yellow arrow points to colloid within a large normal follicle

73 Simple adenoma

74 Colloid adenoma

75 Fetal adenoma

76 Embryonal adenoma

77 Distinguish nodular goiter adenoma Number poly-nodus single membrane No complete membrane Size of Follicle larger complete membrane Smaller Periphery No effect Effect tissue Change + _

78 Thyroid cancer

79 Conception

80 Pathological feature

81 Papillary adenocarcinoma General : 40%--60%, young female, low potential malignancy, slow-moving, five year survival rate 75%. Characteristic : mamillae, invasing vessel, capsul Primal complaint : surrounding lymphatic metastasis

82 The thyroid is massively distorted by a multinodular growth. Shaggy external surface due to difficulty in dissecting organ from other structures, a feature which suggests malignancy.

83 The dark reddish brown tissue is characteristic of normal thyroid. The large tan nodules represent carcinoma. No large areas of hemorrhage and necrosis are seen.

84 Sectioning through a lobe of excised thyroid gland reveals papillary carcinoma.

85 This is the microscopic appearance of a papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. The fronds of tissue have thin fibrovascular cores. The fronds have an overal papillary pattern.

86 The center is fibrovascular; the cells covering it are epithelial.

87 This closeup shows that the cells range from low columnar to columnar. The red arrow shows a cell with an Orphan Annie eye nucleus.

90 Follicular adenocarcinoma General : 10%--15%, middle-aged female, low potential malignancy, slow-moving, five year survival rate 30%--40%. Characteristic : follicle structure Infiltration : capsul and blood vessel.

91 2.9cm minimally invasive follicular carcinoma of the thyroid

92 follicle structure

93 Medullary carcinoma caused by ultimobranchial cells( 滤泡旁细胞 ), APUD (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation) tumor, 5%, 30-year-old, 90% secrete calcitonin( 降血钙素 ), Somatostati( 生长抑素 ), prostaglandin( 前列腺素 ), hormonelike materies

94 Single,non-capsul, soft, yellow brown.

95 At the center and to the right is a medullary carcinoma of thyroid. At the far right is pink hyaline material with the appearance of amyloid. These neoplasms are derived from the thyroid "C" cells and, therefore, have neuroendocrine features such as secretion of calcitonin.

96 Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid 肿瘤细胞为圆形, 多角形或梭形的小细胞, 排列成簇状, 索状或小滤泡状. 间质较丰富, 常有淀粉样物质和钙盐沉着.

98 Undifferentiated carcinoma General: 15%, height-malignant, quick growth, infiltration and metastasis to surrounding tissues at early Type: small-cell carcinoma, giant cell carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma, mixed cell carcinoma

99 Disease of Pancreatic Island

100 Type of cells A cell: 15-25%,secreting Glucagon B cell: 60-70%, secreting Insulin D cell: 5-10%, secreting Somatostatin PP cell: 2%, secreting pancreatic polypeptide G cell: secreting gastrin

101 Pancreatic island A cell B cell D cell

102 Diabetes mellitus

103 Reasons : Conception Deficient Insulin relatively or absolutely, Target cells low-sensitivity to Insulin, Defect structure of Insulin Result : a chronic disease involving the metabolic disorder of carbohydrate, fat, protein Major characteristic: hyperglycosemia, glucosuria; polydipsia, polyphagia, diuresis, weight loss -- 三多一少

104 Type Diabetes mellitus primary secondary IDDM (Ⅰ 型 ) NIDDM (Ⅱ 型 )

105 Pathological changes

106 Inflammatory cell infiltration, hyalinosis pancreatic island atrophy and reduction amyloidosis

107 Arterial changes: arteriole arteriosclerosis, artherosclerosis Renal lesions: Enlarged Retinopathy : nervous system: Others :

108 Islet cell adenoma

109 Type Insulinoma ( 胰岛素瘤 ) Glucagonoma ( 胰高血糖素瘤 ) Gastrinoma ( 胃泌素瘤 ) VIPoma ( 血管活性肠肽肿瘤 ) Somatostatinoma ( 生长抑素瘤 ) Pancreatic polypeptidoma ( 胰多肽瘤 )

110 Insulinoma ( 胰岛素瘤 )

111 Insulinoma ( 胰岛素瘤 )

112 Tumor case 病理诊断 : 胰腺间叶组织源性肿瘤溃破并发大出血, 腹腔内积血 2100 毫升

113 TUMOR case 入院前 2 小时进食, 餐后出现腹泻, 水样便, 次数多, 伴头晕出汗腹胀, 无发热, 伴有恶心呕吐自己未注意继续在工作, 入院前半小时许, 同事发现患者大小便失禁, 呼之难应, 全身湿冷, 四肢发凉, 面色发白, 呼 120 送至本院急诊当时测血压 86/39mmHg, 血糖 27.3mmol/L( 正常空腹血糖为 3.15~ 6.19mmol/L, 餐后 2 小时血糖 11.1mmol/L 为糖尿病 ) 死者从小有头晕史, 曾多次就诊杭州医院, 未查明原因否认糖尿病心脏病肾疾病史, 否认哮喘史

114 TUMOR case 于重症监护, 吸氧导尿头孢米诺洛美沙星针抗炎补液抗休克, 正规胰岛素降血糖治疗死者于当天中午分出现心跳呼吸骤停, 复苏无效死亡双瞳孔散大, 大动脉搏动无, 血压血氧饱和度为零心电图示 : 直线 ; 四肢无活动, 呼吸无

115 TUMOR case 胰腺 :70g, 大小 cm; 胰腺尾部可见一灰白色肿物, 大小约 cm, 切面灰白, 致密其表面有一破裂口, 直径 1cm, 可见血块突出表面 1cm 其余部位表面呈灰白色, 长叶状

116 TUMOR case 镜检 : 肿物由大量纤维组织构成 ( 包括少量胰岛细胞 ), 与周围正常胰腺组织界清, 但无包膜在肿物内可见散在出血, 于一处见肿物表面溃破, 大片出血, 并见纤维蛋白及红细胞

117 TUMOR case 灰白色肿物

118 TUMOR case 灰白色肿物

119

120 肿物由大量纤维组织构成伴出血

121 肿物由大量纤维组织构成排列成束状旋涡状, 并见少量炎细胞浸润

122 肿物由大量纤维组织构成

123

164 病理学第一篇基础实验实习内容实习十二胃炎及胃溃疡 gastritis and gastric ulcer 病毒性肝炎 virus hepatitis 组织切片大体标本 No. 94 慢性萎缩性胃炎编号 48

164 病理学第一篇基础实验实习内容实习十二胃炎及胃溃疡 gastritis and gastric ulcer 病毒性肝炎 virus hepatitis 组织切片大体标本 No. 94 慢性萎缩性胃炎编号 48 第八章消化系统疾病 Chapter 8 Disease of Peptic System 目的要求 1. 掌握慢性萎缩性胃炎的病变特点 2. 掌握慢性胃溃疡的好发部位病理变化结局及合并症 3. 掌握病毒性肝炎的基本病变及各型肝炎的病变特点和结局 4. 掌握门