Theophile 3 Modestinus 4 5 ex contractu quasi ex contractu ex maleficio quasi ex maleficio 6 7 the Gloss ex quasi contractu 8 Heineccius 1718

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1 The Jurist No * DOI: /j.cnki quasi ex contractu quasi-contracts * * 17XNLG

2 Theophile 3 Modestinus 4 5 ex contractu quasi ex contractu ex maleficio quasi ex maleficio 6 7 the Gloss ex quasi contractu 8 Heineccius Bourjon 1770 瑏瑠瑏瑡瑏瑢 2016 瑏瑣 1300 瑏瑤 See D See Max Radin, Roman Law of Quasi-Contract, Virginia Law Review, Vol. 23, No. 3 ( ), p real verbal real and verbal together consensual statutory equitable compulsory tort. D Supra note 3 p Supra note 3 p Cf. Emmanuelle Chevreau, Yves Mausen, Claire Bouglé, Histoire du Droit des Obligations, ancienne édition, Paris: LexisNexis, 2011, pp 瑏瑠 1371 瑏瑡瑏瑢瑏瑣瑏瑤 Cf. supra note 9, pp See John P. Dawson, Unjust Enrichment: A Comparative Analysis, Boston: Little Brown & Co., 1951, pp Cf. Olivier Deshayes, Thomas Genicom et Yvees Marie Laithier, Réforme du droit des Contrats du Régime Général et de la Preuve des Obligations, Paris: LexisNexis, 2016, pp

3 瑏瑥瑏瑦瑏瑧 1954 von Caemmerer Wilburg 812 瑏瑨瑏瑩瑐瑠瑐瑡 Delictual Contractual Quasi-contractual 瑐瑢 1609 瑐瑣 1760 瑐瑤瑐瑥瑐瑦瑐瑧瑐瑨瑐瑩瑏瑥 See Arthur L. Corbin, Quasi-Contractual Obligations, Yale Law Journal, Vol. 21, No. 7 ( ), p 瑏瑦 Supra note 瑏瑥 p 瑏瑧瑏瑨 Vgl. Von Caemmerer, Bereicherung und unerlaubte Handlung, in: D lle /Rheinstein /Zweigert ( Hrsg. ), Festschrift für Ernst Rabel, Band I, Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1954, 333 ff. 瑏瑩瑐瑠 See Dan Priel, In Defence of Quasi-Contract, Modern Law Review, Vol. 75, No. 1 (2012), p. 54. 瑐瑡 See Percy H. Winfield, Province of the Law of Tort, Reissue edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp 瑐瑢 See Quasi-Contractual Obligations, Law Coach, Vol. 5, No. 6 (1924), pp 瑐瑣 See Warbook v. Griffin 2 Brownl Eng. Rep 瑐瑤 Moses v. Macferlan (1760) 97 Eng. Rep. 676 (K. B. ). 瑐瑥 Supra note 瑏瑥, p 瑐瑦 Supra note 瑐瑠, pp 瑐瑧 See J. A. Clarence Smith, Quasi-Contract, Modern Law Review, Vol. 19, No. 3 (1956), pp 瑐瑨 Supra note 瑏瑥 p 瑐瑩 See John Erskine, Principles of the Law of Scotland, Edinburgh: Hamilton, Balfour, and Neill, 1754, p

4 瑑瑠瑑瑡瑑瑠瑑瑡 Supra note 3, p

5 瑑瑢 DCFR 瑑瑣 Catala Du contrat et des obligations conventionnelles en général 瑑瑤瑑瑥瑑瑦瑑瑢 Cf. C. Witz, Contrat ou acte juridique?, in Sous la direction de F. Terre, Pour une reforme du droit des contrats, Paris: Dalloz, 2009, pp. 63 f. 瑑瑣瑑瑤 See D. Cuthbertson, The Principle of Voluntary Payment in Quasi-Contract, University of Queensland Law Journal, Vol. 5, No. 3 ( ), pp 瑑瑥 See D Sec. 3. 瑑瑦 Supra note 瑏瑥, pp

6 瑑瑧 121 瑑瑧 See Reinnhard Zimmermann, The law of Obligations, Roman Foudations of the Civilian Tradition, Revised ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996, pp

7 122 瑑瑨瑑瑩 3 瑒瑠瑑瑨瑑瑩瑒瑠

8 瑒瑡 Gewinnherausgabe 瑒瑢瑒瑣瑒瑤瑒瑡瑒瑢 ' 瑒瑣 See Ewoud Hondius, André Janssen, Disgorgement of Profits, Gain-Based Remedies throughout the World, Sydney: Springer, 2015, p. 7. 瑒瑤 Vgl. Rudolf von Jhering, Culpa in contrahendo oder Schadensersatz bei nichtigen oder nicht zur Perfection gelangten Vertr gen, Jahrbücher für die Dogmatik des heutigen r mischen und deutschen Privatrechts, Bd. 4, 1861, S. 41 f. 124

9 瑒瑥 mutuum 瑒瑦 20 Planiol Ripert traitéélémentaire de droit civil 瑒瑧瑒瑨瑒瑩瑓瑠瑒瑥 Supra note 3 p 瑒瑦 Supra note 3 p 瑒瑧 Cf. note 9, pp 瑒瑨 Supra note 瑏瑥 p 瑒瑩瑓瑠 Supra note 3 p

10 瑓瑡瑓瑢瑓瑡瑓瑢 Supra note 瑏瑥 p

11 Gleichheit der Rechtsfolgen 瑓瑣瑓瑤 Max Radin, Roman Law of Quasi-Contract, Virginia Law Review, Vol. 23, No. 3 ( ). 5. Arthur L. Corbin, Quasi-Contractual Obligations, Yale Law Journal, Vol. 21, No. 7 ( ). 瑓瑣瑓瑤 Vgl. Medicus / Lorenz, Schuldrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Aufl. 18, C. H. Beck, München, 2008, S

12 THE JURIST Competition between China's Antimonopoly Law Authorities Conduct Model Performence of Enforcement and Prevention of Rigid Authoritativeness LI Jian 83 Three authorities competing for law enforcement of Anti-monopoly law is the outcome of existing bureaucratic structure. Given the concerns of conflict and slack of enforcement both academy and practice societies suggest establishing an unified anti-monopoly law enforcement institute. The competition of anti-monopoly authorities changed the key factors of achieving a goal in a bureaucratic organization. The competition among authorities generates more comparable information and distinguishes the monopoly authority from passive supervision and active enforcement. Based on the analysis of anti-monopoly law enforcement the competition of law enforcement solves the certain issues of current law enforcement e. g. low level in the bureaucratic system and limited resources. It performs well in terms of explicit and implicit indicators. Different from theoretic hypothesis the impacts of competition in law enforcement are mainly caused by rigid authoritativeness. Competition in law enforcement under relatively loose system constraints and press caused by changing conclusion by a court it may lead to recession of enforcement or compelling enforcement. In order to deal with it it is important to promote the transparency of law enforcement and enhance civil procedure law of anti-monopoly. Key Words Competition for Law Enforcement Authorities Information Incentive Rigid Authoritativeness Institution Design Li Jian Ph.D. in Law Associate Professor of Shanghai Jiaotong Koguan Law School. The Development and Transformation of French Legal Sociology A Reference to the Paradigm Disputes of Legal Studies in China YANG Fan 101 French legal sociology has been developed greatly after World War II and plays an important role in the academic world with its distinctive features. Comparing to the Law and Society movement in the US its theoretical paradigms and methodologies are more complex and more diverse. On the other hand it also shows some certain assimilation tendencies. Especially more and more researches pay attention to the relations between law and politics. On the basis of analysis on these characteristics this article argues that as an external perspective of law the development of legal sociology is highly contextualist its distance to law often depends on the perfection degree of legal system and the closure degree of legal studies in one country of specific period. Compared with the American tradition French legal sociology is closer to and more suitable for the Chinese circumstance. Therefore the study on French legal sociology can be a beneficial reference to the hot academic topics in recent years-the paradigm disputes of legal studies as well as the disciplinary orientation of legal sociology in China. Key Words French Legal Sociology Legal Formalism Law and Society Movement Political Sociology of Law External Perspective of Law Yang Fan Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Jilin University Law School. Construction of Quasi-contracts and General Provisions of Obligations WANG Liming 117 The legal rules of obligatio civilis such as unjust enrichment and negotiorum gestio were briefly provided in General Principles of Civil Law and need to be further refined supplemented and perfected in Specific Parts of Civil Code. As Specific Parts of Civil Codeof China will not include General Provisions of Obli- 194

13 No. 1 January 2018 gations it shall be considered to make quasi-contracts stipulated in Part of Contracts as a separate chapter in which to regulate centrally negotiorum gestio unjust enrichment and other obligatio civilis in order to realize the scientific nature of the civilrules. When the concept of quasi-contractsis introduced it's necessary to further clarify its connotation determine its system arrangement in Part of Contracts and its types which shall be contained and stipulate the rules of Contract Law referring to quasi-contracts and other related issues. Key Words Civil Code Quasi-contracts Unjust Enrichment Negotiorum Gestio General Provisions of Obligations Wang Liming Ph.D. in Law Research Fellow of Civil and Commercial Law Institute of Renmin University of China Professor Renmin University of China of Law School. On the Trace Effect of a Hypotheca and its Mitigation ZOU Hailin 128 The institutional logic of Article 191 of Property Law is to mitigate the trace effect of a hypotheca by restricting the transfer of collateral. The transfer of collateral is limited so as to protect the interests of the holder of a hypotheca which gives rise to the objective effect of deterioration of the the provider of a hypotheca the acquirer of the collateral on the system structure. This is difficult to connect with the system of mitigating the trace effect of a hypotheca in favor of the provider of a hypotheca. In theory and institutional structure it is also difficult to find the balance between restricting the transfer of collateral and mitigatingthe trace effect of a hypotheca. In Chinese civil code it should realize to mitigate the trace effect of a hypotheca by the creation of the claim to remove the hypotheca of the provider of a hypotheca the claim to subrogate of the holder of a hypotheca by paying off debts and the claim to remove the hypotheca of the acquirer of the collateral by subrogated payment based on the free transfer of the collateraland the trace effect of a hypotheca. Key Words Hypotheca Trace Effect Transfer of Collateral Claim to Remove the Hypotheca Zou Hailin Ph.D. in Law Research Fellow of Institute of Law of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Institutional Setup and Functions in Procuratorates LONG Zongzhi 141 The institutional setup in procuratorates has two goals one is to improve efficiency through division of functions the other one is for better direction and supervision by procuratorates at higher levels. In institutional setup factors such as judicial accountability amount of cases and number of prosecutors quality of work daily management and coordination between different levels of procuratorates should be considered. In addition we need to pay attention to the stability and uniformity of institutions. The giant department reform suits procuratorates which have small amount of cases and less prosecutors especially those of the lowest level. The separation of prosecution from is better form implementation of supervision but actually it's hard to completely separate the two functions. Moreover after the transfer of investigative power the supervisory function needs to be supported by the power of arrest approval and the power of prosecution. The combination of arrest approval department and the prosecution department can streamline institutions and improve efficiency and strengthen the direction and supervision on investigation. However since arrest approval and prosecution have different qualities the combination of the two departments will break the balance between different departments. Except in juvenile cases we should be cautious in the combination of arrest approval and prosecution in other cases. The internal institutional setup of procuratorates should be adjusted according to the reform of our national supervisory organs. Key Words Procuratorates Internal Institutions Integrated System Judicial Accountability Uniformity Long Zongzhi Ph.D. in Law Professor of Sichuan University Law School. 195

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