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洞灞葛
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1 The ethnic relations in Taiwan entered a new stage, as the country moved toward liberal democracy in the late 1980 s. The authoritarian regime of the Kuomintang was marked by political domination by a minority group of Chinese mainlanders, whose repression of native Taiwanese local culture created political tensions and social animosity between two groups. As the transition to democracy broke down the minority s political domination, a new Taiwanese identity was also created along the process. The conflict between native Taiwanese and Chinese mainlanders upholding different identities continues to serve as the center of ethnic politics in the country. Based on the data collected from several sets of nationwide house interview surveys, this article shows, a) As far as the ethnic politics is concerned, there are only two ethnic groups in Taiwan-- native Taiwanese (including Minnan and Hokka) andchinese mainlanders, as opposed to commonly held assertion of three ethnic groups with their own languages/dialects; b) due to the political change and social development in the past five decades, the social animosity and segregation between two groups have been greatly decreased; c) the rise of new Taiwanese identity and its conflict with the Chinese one has resulted in a widespread sense of distrust among native Taiwanese; and d) social contact (measured in terms of inter-marriage) between members of different ethnic groups has not decreased the political distrust. It appears that a combination of social assimilation and political tension best describes the nature of ethnic relations in current Taiwan. Keywords: national identity, nationalism, ethnicity, ethnic politics, ethnic relation

2 76

3 (Scott 1990) 1 (2000)

4 (2000) Donald Horowitz 1985 (worthiness) (status claims) (personal worth) Wilkie 2001: 137 McAdam (1988) Belfrage (1990 [1965])

5 79 (219) 1980 (Snyder 2000) (Berlin 1981 [1972])

6 /12/18 ( )

7 81 (2001/6/20) (cultural division of labor)

8 82 Gordon W. Allport (1986 [1954]: ) 3 Allport (Hecter 1975: 9) (1992) (1997) (2001) Forbes (1997)

9 % 54.9% 25.3% 29.4% % 61.6% 27.6%22.8% 4 85% 5 (representation) , ,

10 % 7 (1998)

11 85

12 86 Max Weber (1978: 389) Frederik Barth (1994)

13 87 Rogers Brubaker Frederick Cooper (2000: 10)

14 % 46.3% %49.5% 74.4% %39.6% 70.1% 2001

15 89 (1994 & 1999) (N) % 94 (256) (140) (78) (79) (553) (1,864) (334) (143) (158) (2,499) (162) (91) (61) (106) (420) (194) (78) (32) (29) (333) (52) (47) (86) (183) (368) (143) (93) (86) (123) (445) (470) (278) (225) (368) (1,341) (2,201) (505) (261) (310) (3,277)

16 90 (1994&1999) (N) % 94 (117) (51) (10) (373) (551) (388) (315) (16) (1825) (2,544) (131) (20) (17) (269) (437) (72) (32) (4) (238) (346) (140) (9) (51) (174) (374) (129) (12) (31) (290) (462) (388) (80) (78) (816) (1,362) (589) (359) (51) (2,353) (3,352) (1994&1999) (N) % 94 (85) (162) (75) (322) (525) (786) (197) (1,508) (26) (113) (106) (245) (65) (98) (36) (199) (23) (957) (167) (247) (45) (119) (119) (283) (134) (332) (348) (814) (635) (1,003) (352) (1,990)

17 % (ascribed) (Buckley and Kenney 1995: 6)

18 ; Tsai 1996; (1999) A A , (447x463)/509=407 1

19 93 A A (2001) (19/20)

20 94 (2000) B

21 95 A (1997) * ** B (1999)(1951 ) * **

22 96 A 67.7% 16.8% 6.7% 8.7% 13 A 15.9% 8.7% 13

23 97 (74.9%) 26.3% 63.4%

24 98 (1999) A % 60.7 a b c d a + b c + d B (N) % (1,478) (36) (28) (7) (1,549) (119) (272) (23) (5) (419) (116) (113) (167) (9) (405) (13) (8) (5) (151) (177) (1,726) (429) (223) (172) (2,550)

26 100 (Multinomial Logistic) (1999) A b s.e. b s.e. ( ) (20~29 ) 30~ ~ ~ * ***.3431 ( ) ( ) ( ) LR *** 1,419 *p<.05, ***p<.001 B b s.e. b s.e. ( ) (20~29 ) 30~ ~ * ~ ( ) ( ) ( ) LR * 188 *p<.05

27 101

28 A (51%) 17.6% , 7-3, 8-4,

29 C 2.6% B B A B C (1999)

30 104 A 4 9 (28.2%) 16.5% 9.5%9.8%

31 105 (1999) (N) % (-9~0) (1~3) (4~9) (191) (170) (142) (503) (381) (267) (128) (776) (112) (69) (19) (200) (210) (47) (28) (285) (894) (553) (317) (1764) = , df=6, p<.001

32 106 (1999) b s.e. ( ).3921**.1236 (20~29 ) 30~ ~ *** ~ *** ***.2797 ( ) ( ).6112*** ( ).4196** ( ) *** ( ) ( ) R ,276 **p<.01, ***p<

33 107 (1999) % (N) (-9~0) (1~3) (4~9) (1,781) (325) (127) (53) (1,191) (708) (387) (2,286) Anthony Oberschall (2000) (mind frame)

34 108

35 109 (1998) 2001/7/ /7/30 (2001) 1998/10/8 2001/9/ /3/28 (2002/3/28)

36 110 Jack Snyder (2000) 14 ( 2001/5/10) ( 2001/6/ 17) ( 2001/6/28) 14 (2002/10/28)

37 111 ( 2001/7/30)

38 112 (1997, N=2,239) ( ) (407) 34 (40) (56) 12 (6) 62 2 =9.142 df=1 p< (585) 38 (53) (72) 21 (6) 78 2 = df=1 p< (505) 15 (34) (53) 23 (4) 57 2 = df=1 p< (254) 7 (15) (19) 9 (1) 20 2 = df=1 p< (115) 1 (6) (8) 5 (0) 8 2 = df=1 p< (1999, N=2,497) ( ) (146) 23 (25) (17) 5 (3) 20 2 =1.909 df=1 p= (488) 67 (82) (82) 29 (14) 96 2 = df=1 p< (604) 55 (94) (111) 56 (17) = df=1 p< (298) 8 (24) (60) 21 (5) 65 2 = df=1 p< (232) 1 (17) (68) 20 (4) 72 2 = df=1 p<

39 113 (1999) (N) % (1,220) (327) (183) (131) (1,861) (350) (73) (29) (24) (476) (120) (20) (8) (10) (158) (1,690) (420) (220) (165) (2,495) =19.129, df=6, p<.01 (N) % (146) (25) (14) (9) (194) (83) (18) (4) (5) (110) (22) (2) (3) (2) (29) (251) (45) (21) (16) (333) =4.197, df=6, p=.650

40 114 (1999) (N) % (361) (82) (50) (33) (526) (571) (124) (65) (24) (784) (155) (23) (9) (10) (197) (639) (200) (99) (105) (1,043) (1,726) (429) (223) (172) (2,550) =59.441, df=9, p<.001 (N) % (48) (9) (6) (2) (65) (77) (13) (6) (2) (98) (29) (3) (3) (1) (36) =10.059, df=9, p=.346 (108) (21) (6) (13) (148) (262) (46) (21) (18) (347)

41 115 (1999) (N) % (428) (95) (37) (22) (582) (447) (116) (29) (33) (625) (452) (109) (59) (63) (683) (209) (62) (37) (30) (338) (190) (46) (61) (24) (321) (1,726) (428) (223) (172) (2,549) = , df = 12, p <.001 (N) % (48) (14) (6) (2) (70) (69) (19) (6) (5) (99) (79) (7) (7) (5) (98) (35) (3) (2) (3) (43) (31) (3) -- (3) (37) (262) (46) (21) (18) (347) = , df = 2, p =.170

42 116 (1999) (N) % (689) (177) (129) (105) (1,100) (516) (133) (54) (45) (748) (280) (68) (21) (16) (385) (234) (51) (18) (6) (309) (1,719) (429) (222) (172) (2,542) = , df = 9, p <.001 (N) % (98) (14) (7) (7) (126) (77) (19) (8) (6) (110) (44) (9) (5) (2) (60) (42) (4) (1) (3) (50) (261) (46) (21) (18) (346) =6.686, df=9, p=.670

43 117 (1993) 76: (2000) (1998) (1992) (1993) 74: (1997) 1: (2001) 25:1-54 (1999) (2000) (1987) 13: (2001) 7 14 (1994) 6(2): (2001) 29(2): (2001) 1 8 Allport, Gordon W. (1986[1954]) The Nature of Prejudice. Reading, Mass.: Addison- Wesley. Barth, Ferderik (1994) Enduring and Emerging Issues in the Analysis of Ethnicity. Pp in The Anthropology of Ethnicity: beyong Ethnic Groups and Boundaries, edited by Hans Vermeulen and Cora Govers. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis. Belfrage, Sally (1990[1965]) Freedom Summer. Charlottesville: University of Virginia

44 118 Press. Berlin, Isaiah (1981[1972]) Nationalism: Past Neglect and Present Power. Pp in Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brubaker, Rogers, and Frederick Cooper (2000) Beyond Identity. Theory and Society 29: Buckley, Anthony D., and Catherine Kenney (1995) Negotiating Identity: Rhetoric, Metaphor, and Social Drama in Northern Ireland. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. Forbes, H. D. (1997) Ethnic Conflict: Commerce, Culture, and the Contact Hypothesis. New Haven: Yale University Press. Hecter, Michael (1975) Internal Colonialism: the Celtic Fringe in British National Development, Berkeley: University of California Press. Horowitz, Donald L. (1985) Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press. McAdam, Doug (1988) Freedom Summer. New York: Oxford University Press. Oberschall, Anthony (2000) The Manipulation of Ethnicity: from Ethnic Cooperation to Violence and War in Yugoslavia. Ethnic and Racial Studies 23,6 (November): Parsons, Talcott (1975) Some Theoretical Considerations on the Nature and Trends of Change of Ethnicity. Pp in Ethnicity: Theory and Practice, editedbynathan Glazer and Danniel P. Moynihan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Scott, James C. (1990) Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven: Yale University Press. Snyder, Jack (2000) From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflicts. New York: W. W. Norton. Tsai, Shu-ling (1996) The Relative Importance of Ethnicity and Education in Taiwan s Changing Marriage Market. Proceedings of the National Science Council, Part C: Humanities and Social Sciences 6,2(July): Weber, Max (1978) Economy and Society. Edited by Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. Berkeley: University of California Press. Wilkie, Curtis (2001) Dixie: a Personal Odyssey through Events that Shaped the Modern South. New York: Scribner.

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行政院國家科學委員會獎勵人文與社會科學領域博士候選人撰寫博士論文成果報告八 0 年代後台灣散文之家國書寫研究核定編號 :NSC 98-2420-H-006-003-DR 獎勵期間 :98 年 08 月 01 日至 99 年 07 月 31 日執行單位 : 國立成功大學