幻灯片 1

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1 The Locomotor System Mar JING LI

2 中轴骨骼 axial skeleton 躯干骨 The bones of trunk 颅 skull Cerebral Cranium 脑颅骨 (8) Facial Cranium 面颅骨 (15) 颅的整体观 skull as a whole 新生儿颅的特征及生后的变化 skull at birth

3 frontal bone 额骨 1 ethmoid bone 筛骨 1 sphenoid bone 蝶骨 1 occipital bone 枕骨 1 Cerebral Cranium temporal bone 颞骨 2 parietal bone 顶骨 2 颅腔顶 - 穹庐形的颅盖 : 额骨顶骨枕骨颅腔底 : 额骨筛骨蝶骨颞骨枕骨

4 Cerebral Cranium frontal bone 额骨分额鳞, 眶部和鼻部内前下方有额窦

5 Cerebral Cranium parietal bone 顶骨和 occipital bone 枕骨顶骨 : 位于头顶, 左右各一, 以矢状缝相连枕骨 : 位于顶骨后, 下面中央有枕骨大孔

6 Cerebral Cranium ethmoid bone 筛骨含气骨, 呈巾字型, 位于两眶之间, 额下方, 构成鼻腔上部和外侧壁, 分筛板垂直板和筛骨迷路

7 Cerebral Cranium sphenoid bone 蝶骨前方 : 额骨筛骨, 后方 : 颞骨枕骨, 分部 : 体小翼大翼和翼突

8 Cerebral Cranium temporal bone 颞骨外耳门为中心分部 : 鳞部 aquamous part 鼓部 tympanic part 岩部 petrous part 下颌骨

bone 下鼻甲 2 palatine bone 腭骨 2 Vomer 犁骨 1 Mandible 下颌骨

9 面颅骨 The Facial Cranium Maxilla 上颌骨 2 nasal bone 鼻骨 2 lacrimal bone 泪骨 2 zygomatic bone 颧骨 2 inferior nasal bone 下鼻甲 2 palatine bone 腭骨 2 Vomer 犁骨 1 Mandible 下颌骨 1 hyoid bone 舌骨 1 面颅上颌为中心, 上鼻泪, 下下颌, 外颧内甲后犁腭, 舌骨颈前单落脚

10 Facial Cranium Maxilla 上颌骨由 1 个骨体 (4 个面 ) 和 4 个突起组成四面 : 眶面构成眼眶下壁鼻面为鼻腔外侧壁前面颞下面四突 : 额突接额骨鼻骨和泪骨颧突接颧骨槽突有牙槽容纳上颌牙根腭突组成骨腭 ( 前部 )

11 Facial Cranium Palatine bone 腭骨位于上颌骨腭突和蝶骨翼突间, L 形垂直板构成鼻腔外侧壁水平板组成硬腭 ( 后部 ) 腭骨

12 Facial Cranium Nasal bone 鼻骨成对, 是构成鼻背的基础 Lacrimal bone 泪骨位于眶内侧壁前部, 前接上颌骨, 后连筛骨迷路眶板 Inferior nasal concha 下鼻甲附着于上颌体和腭骨垂直板的鼻面上

13 Facial Cranium Zygomatic bone 颧骨位于眶下部, 是面部的骨性突起

14 Facial Cranium Vomer 犁骨组成鼻中隔的后下部分 Hyoid bone 舌骨不与其他任何骨形成关节在下颌骨与喉间支持舌头分体大角和小角

15 Facial Cranium Mandible 下颌骨为面颅骨中最大的骨, 分一体两支构成颞下颌关节下牙槽神经血管从下颌孔进入下颌管向前走行, 在颏孔处分出颏神经及血管

16 颅的整体观颅顶面观 The apical view of skull 颅后面观 The back view of skull 颅底内面观 The interior view of skull 颅底外面观 The inferior view of skull 颅侧面观 The lateral view of skull 颅前面观 The front view of skull

17 Apical view of skull Frontal bone Parietal bone Occipital bone Coronal suture 冠状缝 Sagittal suture 矢状缝 Lambdoid suture 人字缝

18 Back view of skull superior nuchal line 上项线 external occipital protuberance 枕外隆凸

19 Interior view of skull Base of skull forms three fossae Anterior cranial fossa 颅前窝 Middle cranial fossa 颅中窝 Posterior cranial fossa 颅后窝

20 Interior view of skull Anterior cranial fossa: formed by orbital part of frontal bone, cribriform plate of ethmoid, and lesser wings of sphenoid Structures: crista galli 鸡冠 cribriform plate 筛板筛孔 CNⅠ 颅前窝额骨眶部筛骨筛板蝶骨小翼 cribriform foramina 筛孔颅中窝颅后窝

21 Interior view of skull Middle cranial fossa: formed by the body and greater wings of sphenoid, petrous part of temporal bone Structures: body of sphenoid bone 蝶骨体 hypophysial fossa 垂体窝 anterior clinoid process 前床突 posterior clinoid process 后床突 sella turcica 蝶鞍 carotid sulcus 颈动脉沟 optic canal 视神经管 superior orbital fissure 眶上裂视神经管 CNⅡ 颅前窝颅中窝颅后窝眶上裂 CNⅢ/Ⅳ/Ⅴ 1 /Ⅵ

22 Middle cranial fossa Interior view of skull foramen rotundum 圆孔 foramen ovale 卵圆孔 foramen spinosum 棘孔 sulcus for middle meningeal artery 脑膜中动脉沟 foramen lacerum 破裂孔 internal opening of carotid canal 颈动脉管内口 trigeminal impression 三叉神经压迹颅前窝颅中窝视神经管 CNⅡ 眶上裂 CNⅢ/Ⅳ/Ⅴ 1 /Ⅵ 圆孔 CNⅤ 2 卵圆孔 CNⅤ 3 棘孔 ( 脑膜中动脉 ) 颈动脉管内口颅后窝破裂孔

23 Interior view of skull Posterior cranial fossa: Formed by occipital and the petrous part of temporal Structures: foramen magnum 枕骨大孔 clivus 斜坡 internal occipital protuberance 枕内隆凸颅中窝 sulcus for transverse sinus 横窦沟 sulcus for sigmoid sinus 乙状窦沟 internal acoustic pore 内耳门乙状窦沟 jugular foramen 颈静脉孔 internal opening of hypoglossal canal 舌下神经管内口小脑窝颅前窝舌下神经管内口 CNⅫ 颅后窝枕内隆突内耳门 CNⅦ/Ⅷ 颈静脉孔 CNⅨⅩⅪ 枕骨大孔枕骨颞骨岩部后面横窦沟

24 Inferior view of skull alveolar arch 牙槽弓 bony palate 骨腭 incisive foramina 切牙孔 greater palatine foramen 腭大孔 posterior nasal apertures 鼻后孔 pterygoid process 翼突 occipital condyle 枕髁 styloid process 茎突 stylomastoid foramen 茎乳孔 mandibular fossa 下颌窝 articular tubercle 关节结节

25 Inferior view of skull external opening of hypoglossal canal 舌下神经管外口 external opening of carotid canal 颈动脉管外口破裂孔卵圆孔棘孔颈动脉管外口外耳门颈静脉孔舌下神经管外口

26 Lateral view of skull external acoustic pore 外耳门 mastoid process 乳突 zygomatic arch 颧弓 temporal fossa 颞窝 pterion 翼点颞窝颧弓颞下窝 pterion 翼点 ( 位置组成 ) 是额骨顶骨颞骨和蝶骨大翼 4 骨相交处所形成的 H 形骨缝, 位于颞窝内, 颧弓中点上方两横指 ( 或 3.5~4cm) 处, 此处骨质菲薄, 内有脑膜中动脉前支通过, 此处受暴力打击易骨折, 骨折易损伤血管形成硬膜外血肿

27 Frontal view of skull 分 : 额区 : 眶以上部分眶 : 四面锥体形深腔骨性鼻腔 : 介于两眶和上颌骨间, 犁骨和筛骨垂直板构成鼻中隔骨性口腔 : 上颌骨颚骨和下颌骨围成

28 Orbit 眶 Frontal view of skull

29 Bony nasal cavity 骨性鼻腔 Roof: cribriform plate of ethmoid Floor: bony palate Lateral wall Three nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) 上中下鼻甲 Nasal meatus underlying each concha (superior, middle and inferior) 上中下鼻道 Frontal view of skull Sphenoethmoidal recess 蝶筛隐窝 above superior nasal concha Anterior piriform aperture 梨状孔 Posterior posterior nasal aperture 鼻后孔

30 Frontal view of skull Bony nasal cavity 骨性鼻腔

31 Paranasal Sinuses 鼻旁窦 frontal sinus 额窦 sphenoidal sinus 蝶窦 ethmoidal sinus 筛窦 maxillary sinus 上颌窦

32 Paranasal sinuses 鼻旁窦 Frontal sinus 额窦 Lies in frontal bone, deep to superciliary arch Drain to anterior part of middle meatus

33 Paranasal sinuses 鼻旁窦 Maxillary sinus 上颌窦 Largest paired sinus, lie in the body of maxilla; Opening into middle nasal meatus

Paranasal sinuses 鼻旁窦 Ethmoidal cellules 筛窦 Lie in ethmoidal bone, contains large number of air cells, divided into anterior, middle and posterior groups Anterior and middle

34 Paranasal sinuses 鼻旁窦 Ethmoidal cellules 筛窦 Lie in ethmoidal bone, contains large number of air cells, divided into anterior, middle and posterior groups Anterior and middle groups drain into middle nasal meatus, while posterior group drains into superior nasal meatus Sphenoidal sinus 蝶窦 Lies in body of sphenoid bone Drain into sphenoethmoidal recess

35 Paranasal sinuses 鼻旁窦 The openings of the paranasal sinuses frontal frontal sphenoidal maxillary ethmodial

General characters of the skull at birth The skull at birth is large in proportion to rest of the skeleton 1/4 (adult 1/7) The facial portion equals about 1/8 that of the cranium in size (adult 1/4)

36 General characters of the skull at birth The skull at birth is large in proportion to rest of the skeleton 1/4 (adult 1/7) The facial portion equals about 1/8 that of the cranium in size (adult 1/4) Cranial frontanelles unossified membrane between the bones at the angles of parietal Anterior frontanelle closes during middle of 2nd year Posterior frontanelle closes by the end of 2nd month after birth Mastoid fontanelle Sphenoidal fontanelle 前囟蝶囟前囟矢状缝冠状缝乳突囟后囟

37 颅骨连结颅骨的纤维连结和软骨连结颅骨的滑膜关节

38 颅骨的纤维连结和软骨连结纤维连结冠状缝 Coronal suture 矢状缝 Sagittal suture 人字缝 Lambdoid suture 蝶顶缝软骨连结蝶枕软骨结合蝶岩软骨结合岩枕软骨结合

39 颅骨的滑膜关节颞下颌关节 temporomandibular joint 组成下颌骨的下颌头颞骨下颌窝和关节结节特点联合关节, 两侧需同时运动运动上提下降前进后退侧方

40 References:

Microsoft PowerPoint - 2-the locomotor system -skull

Microsoft PowerPoint - 2-the locomotor system -skull 2015-16 秋冬基础医学导论 The Locomotor System LI JING, Ph D Department of Human Anatomy School of Medicine, Zhejiang University derfreiefall@zju.edu.cn Sep. 17. 2015 中轴骨骼 axial skeleton z z 躯干骨 The bones of trunk